![]() They explained that black crusts in the middle and upper parts of stone walls were formed mainly by gypsum salt and soot from vehicles and the whitish crusts in the lower parts of stone walls were formed mainly by halite. evaluated the surrounding local environment’s impact on the Egyptian stone monuments, and the quantification of the deterioration process was carried out through digital image processing. Tombs and ancient Egyptian monuments in Thebes were affected by salt efflorescence because of natural weathering, and human impacts. ![]() Bradley and Middleton studied the soluble salt’s effect on ancient Egyptian limestone due to the changes in relative humidity that decreased the durability of the stones. Many scientists specializing in geoenvironmental science, earth sciences, and heritage conservation science have made great efforts to understand and study the effects of different kinds of salt and their formation mechanisms on built heritage. Chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates are the most common salts that attack Egyptian stone building materials. Salt weathering can be considered one of the main problems of ancient construction materials decay in Egypt. Finally, results showed that the main decay factor is salt attack (chlorides, sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, and bicarbonates) for all architectural and structural elements of the temple, which have been carried to the construction materials from various sources of contaminated water (canal, sewage, and agricultural water). Digital microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with EDS were used to detect decayed materials' morphological features. In addition, a polarizing microscope was used to identify the minerals inside the construction materials and reveal the alteration of the minerals because of decay. To achieve them, X-ray diffraction, micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and portable Raman spectroscopy were utilized to identify the compositions and alteration by-products/degradation compounds (mainly saline efflorescence and crusts) from the construction materials, such as limestone walls, and structural mortars of the temple. The main objective of this paper is to identify the construction materials of Nero’s Temple and their decay by-products. The temple construction materials are severely decayed from surrounding environmental impacts, especially contaminated water sources. ![]() This temple dates back to 1520 BC–1075 BC in the New Kingdom and was reused in the era of Nero (the Fifth Emperor of Rome). Nero’s Temple at El-Ashmonein archaeological site, in Minia (middle of Egypt), is considered one of the most important of all temples of Nero. ![]()
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